One of the peculiar features of senior gamme is their tendency to be organized as responsible friends hariyya and mobilize themselves for a continuous five years, especially during summer time. Gk#3Sg 1 In principle, every member of a Gadaa class has to attend the rite of transition. The ruling group has the responsibility to assign senior leaders and experts to instruct and counsel these young men in the importance of leadership, organization, and warfare. Through Gadha system, Boranas believed to have conquered and protected their territory named, Dirre, Dirr Liban, Golbo, Wajer, Dibayu, Torban Jia (all original name) till the second world war where they were overpowered by the colonial politics. However, for the purpose of this study, it refers to the intergenerational relationship but quite different from its common understandings. Spiritually, Boranas have a supreme spiritual leader known as Fite Qalu. Keywords: Gadaa, indigenous institution, Oromo, conflict resolution, Awash River Basin, Borana. micro wedding packages dfw; pygmy goats for sale in central illinois; My Cart Change). The Liiban Borana often refers to themselves as Sarkamtu. Accordingly, the Jalab appoints Qae (village) in charge of villages under him. Furthermore, Abba Gadaa (the president) belonging to the outgoing Gadaa Council has to appoint (before handing over the power to the incoming Gadaa class) six men from among the ex-members of the Gadaa Council that are now in the semi-retired (yuuba) Gadaa grade. His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. The election process is known as lallaba (proclamation). One is a system in which the members of each class are recruited strictly on the basis of chronological age. The other council-men bow in reverence. As a result problem in a relation to incorporation of late or early born children often arises. Thus transition to Kusa is accompanied with a formal ceremony. They are all in an immediate stage to the Gadaa stage called Dori. 0000025790 00000 n For example, a thesis by Z. Sirna[29] entitled "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State" explores how the system could be integrated with the contemporary federal structure of Ethiopia, serving as a governance mechanism for the Oromia Regional National State. The system organized male Oromos according to age-sets (hirya) based on chronological age, and according to generation-sets (luba) based on genealogical generation, for social and political and economic purposes. (LogOut/ That of a lion which represents strength and domination (4); and. In the Borana community, where many elements of the Gadaa system still exist, the assembly known as Gumi Gayyo (the assembly of multitudes) brings together every type of important living leaders, such as living Abba Gaddas, the qaallus, age-set councilors, clan leaders and Gadaa councilors, and other concerned individuals to make or amend or change laws and rules every eight years. Accordingly, these customary leaders become the custodians of Borana pastoralists' nat ural resources through How Perfect Is Ethiopian Calander? However, in the case of the Gadaa political system, as long as they (semi-retired men) are not declared individually incapable due to factors such as incapacity (physical or mental) and not fully retired (traditionally known as yuubomu that is after completing the four yuuba period); they have duty to serve as legal experts and advisers to Gadaa council in power. In principle, the transfer of the power regularly takes place during the end-term of the Gadaa Council on power. 0000002211 00000 n Asafa Jalata, Gadaa (Oromo Democracy): An Example of Classical African Civilization, Journal of Pan-African Studies (2012). [17][18] In 2019, Bule Hora University launched a master's degree program in Gadaa studies. He concludes that the Gadaa systems' technique of 'consensus through dialogue' is unique but firmly rooted in Western democratic norms, and thus well suited to adoption within Ethiopia's federally structured democracy. In this respect, Gadaa is a holistic (social, economic, political and religious) system in essence and perhaps this fact made it difficult to define unanimously the Gadaa system by simple and clear terms. 0000009706 00000 n The first has nothing to do with genealogical ties. These requirements are similar in three aspects: both are formed every eight years; both pass from one stage to another; and in both active members pave position in both systems. Abba gadaa Stock Photos and Images. Some of these old men may have also sat in the Borana Assembly, the Salgan yaa Borana. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com, Jatani Ali Tandhu: Life & Legacy of a Borana Stateman - Medianorth, The Sakuye People and Their Origin - Medianorth, MCA condemn rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital, SPEECH BY H. E. ALAMITU JATTANI FIRST LADY, MARSABIT COUNTY DURING THE COMMEMORATION OF WORLD AIDS DAY HELD ON SATURDAY THE 1ST DECEMBER, 2018 AT LAISAMIS SUB-COUNTY HOSPITAL GROUNDS, Three arraigned in Court After an Attempt of Defrauding a Business Woman, Isiolo County Senator Dulo Holds a Workshop with Isiolo Residents, Man Accused of Rape at Marsabit Referral Hospital. Married Borana men look in their direction them from afar, as they water the camels. He is a councilor representing his clan like the rest of the councilors with the same and equal vote and authority when a decision is to be made. In his comparative analysis of East African age-sets system. The Eleven Regular Gadaa cycle among the Boran Among the Boran people the Gadaa System embraces eleven basic Gadaa grades: five active, five passive and one liminal (full retirement) stage. Post author: Post published: December 1, 2021 Post category: usmc drill instructor speech Post comments: family tree vincent tan first wife family tree vincent tan first wife As a result, we will have early born and late-born sons. Only those between 32-40 years are allowed to be part of this special Borana Defense Forces. The rite of passage to the Gadamoojjii is more likened to the ceremony of transfer of power which takes place between two Gadaa Councils (between the incoming and outgoing) in a sense that the incoming Gadaa Mooji takes over for the outgoing Gadaa Mooji. Second, generational relationship and generation-set are mutually interdependent, due to likened lives and interlocking trajectories across the generations. . After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or father of Gada as he was called in the Borana tongue. In this regard, due to the rigidity of the Gadaa principle, the moment a member of the family fails to stick to the rules of timing for legitimate procreation, the whole generational chain is brought out of step. First and foremost, one has to be clear that Gadaa class refers to the group of people who share the same status and who perform their rites of passage together. This is the Adula council; they have come to debate as to who should manage the communitys wells. They live in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region and Liben Zone of the Somali Region of Ethiopia, former Northern Frontier District of Northern Kenya,Tana River in the former coast province of Kenya and also in central Somalia. Junior gamme and senior gamme are the sons of two distinct Gadaa classes and they are named after the Abba Gadaa (Gadaa class) in power. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. Structurally speaking, it is age and genealogical based grouping of male generation and division of labor among the classes. Bonus information The decisions made by the traditional councils also affected the use of natural resources. Councils like these have sat together under similar circumstances, for the past five hundred years. Division amongst the council-men is rare because the members are from the same age set, namely the Gada class or the Warra Bora. Abba Gadas: The Ancient Borana Leadership System. age, initiation, interval, and size) the more it gets complicated. Hence Gadaa class is the cross-cutting three organizations: age-sets, generation-set, and moieties, (luba) and the age-sets (hariyya). The Borana are known by a generation set Organization, which is believed to guide every aspect of their life, called off the Gadaa system and Borana people are notable for their historic Gadda political system. In nutshell senior gamme had to undergo three main collective social activities (as part of Gadaa development): age-sets formation (hariyya), rendezvous (Walargi), and feast (nyachisa) ceremonies covering the entire eight-year period. startxref These elements pop up due to the fact that recruitment to an age-set requires, in systems like Gadaa, generational relationship and in connection with that issues like the time when a son may be initiated to the system and the interval between the father and son are inevitable. ;.En!PHI According to the Oromo worldview, all are established by divine will. Councils like these have sat down under similar circumstances in the gentle late afternoon sun, for the last five hundred years. Hence, it is customary to move from home o home to find their age-mates. 1 0 obj It is a simpler institution, called age-sets (hariyya) that was then introduced to serve as a subsidiary institution that supplements the social, maturational and military functions. The Borana and Guji groups near the Ethiopian-Kenyan border were able to practice Gadaa without interruption. Each one of the eleven Gadaa grades equally bears eight-year periods and they are based on genealogical generations. Below this assembly was the Kenyan MCA equivalent, the councillors, Hayyus who made the less weighty decisions. It is a brick that most indigenous peoples of East Africa use to organize and structure their society (based on age relatedness). For five hundred years, the Borana have religiously followed this system of ruling themselves because it has kept them together, in unity. Gadaa[1] (Oromo: Gadaa; literally: era) is the indigenous democratic system of governance used by the Oromos in Ethiopia and northern Kenya. According to Asmerom Legesse's book entitled "Gada Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", the Gada system is a system of classes (luba) that succeed each other every eight years in assuming military, economic, political, and ritual responsibilities. The Abbaa Duulaa (the defense minister) was also one of the leading figures in the Gadaa government. Fathers of the dabballes move from all the principal regions of the Boran to the area of the shrine. 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Riley outlines their two options: They can either kill themselves or wait it out and savor whatever time they have left . However, the Boran did adopt a practical solution to the gap created due to late born sons, commonly known as sons of elders (ilmaan jaarsaa); It refers to sons born to a man that has passed the stage of fatherhood, the Raba grade). However, the Boran did adopt a practical solution to the gap created due to late born sons, commonly known as sons of elders (ilmaan jaarsaa); It refers to sons born to a man that has passed the stage of fatherhood, the Raba grade). 216 0 obj <>stream Second, in Boran Gadaa System there are five Gadaa classes that are basically cyclic (i.e. <> cyclic but neither in a sense of reincarnation nor is it a closed cycle. However, what initiation, interval, and genealogical generations constitute is not clear. In this example, we have an age requirement, genealogical relationship, and moiety. Married Borana men look in their direction them from afar, as they water the camels. contact help me hank channel 7 However, what initiation, interval, and genealogical generations constitute is not clear. The second has little to do with age. Had it been so, some argue that Gadaa would have been extinct long ago. 71ST Borana Oromo Tribe Abba Gada - medianorthkenya Kurraa Jarsso Diddo is the next Abba Gada in Borana Oromo Gada System of leadership,Kurraa will be in power for the period of 2017-2025. yuuba I-IV) covers twenty-seven total years. Besides being a supreme spirituality in charge of prayer in all Borana gatherings, including the Borana parliament, he is also in charge of administration, who appoints other Qalu, putting them in charge of smaller administration units, which can be equated to a present state president, a Qalu who in turn appoints other smaller administrators in his jurisdiction called Jalab (governor) who are respectively in charge of smaller administration, meaning one Qalu is in charge of many Jalab under his state. The late Donald Levine has said[26] that Gadaa is "one of the most complex systems of social organization ever devised by the human imagination". <> Borana have their own form of an overhaul system for the last 567 years that is recognized by UNESCO as a heritage that needs to be protected. The class in power is headed by Abba Gadaa in Borana, Abba Bokku elsewhere. This is the Adula council; they have come to debate as to who should manage the wells. The following are theGadaa grades and their descriptions. 0000012974 00000 n One of the most important Gadaa grades is the Kuusa Gadaa grade. The five Gadaa parties have different names among Boorana, Maccaa-Tuulama, Arsii, Gujii and Ituu-Humbannaa.[22][23]. Due to this Borana lost much of their top grazing land far from their central area where they used to take their animals during the drought. Borana Zone administrator's view on the arrest of Abba Gada The assembly had the president, two vice presidents and six other very important officials who ran the Borana administration. However, they live in different and far area; their indigenous water management system is the same. After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or 'father of Gada' as he was called in the Borana tongue. Joseph Van de Loo, "Guji Oromo Culture in Southern Ethiopia." endobj However, given the length of the waiting years (to become de jure leader) factors such as natural (health) and human (wars) may contribute to the death of some of the councilors. This article is about East African ethnic group. an Abba bokkuu or Abbaa Gada. After a few minutes, the head of the council arrives, the Abba Gada or father of Gada as he is known in the Borana language. The Abbaa Boku (the father of scepter) was a chairman who presided over the assembly. Alaska (None live there). The other two Senior Councilors are Abba Gadas of their respective assemblies.There are also clan councilors in Gada Harboora called Hayyu Garba, and in Gada Hawattu and Konnitu called Hayyu Meedhicha. Another feature of senior gamme is their elevation to the Gada class. The end of a discussion to issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the father of resolution was there to make sure of that. Where a rightly born son perfectly fits into the principle, the late-born sons cannot, and the option they have is to run behind their elder brothers. >3 w%Q2]H==\SZHSC3HJx{ e#ggm RvPuE2@+1oB2\$kWvctwF~EhJ6p,? In this respect, Asmarom draws that the Gadaa System was originally an age organization. [7][8][9] Whenever an Abbaa Gadaa dies while exercising his functions, the bokkuu (the symbol of power) passes to his wife and she keeps the bokkuu and proclaims the laws. 0000004275 00000 n The Gadaa system is an indigenous egalitarian democratic system practised among the Oromo nation of East Africa. On the other hand, it allows the Boran people to watch the performance and credibility of the elected (de facto) leaders. 0000008615 00000 n It is, therefore, wrong to conceive the idea of retirement or leaving the office here as in the west where a person is relieved from his or her official duties and s/he cannot come back to leadership positions. Participedia Contributors, "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People," last modified September 7, 2018, Retrieved from, This page was last edited on 2 January 2023, at 05:08. For instance, Haberland and Asmarom vary from the former model in that the fifth Gadaa grade (raba) takes five years and the seventh, eighth, ni1nth and tenth Gadaa grades (i.e. [5][6] A leader elected by the gadaa system remains in power only for 8 years, with an election taking place at the end of those 8 years. Each of the semi-retired Gadaa grades bears eight years period and in sum covers thirty-two years (i.e. His eyes still shine with the rigors of his youth. 0000002248 00000 n Abba Gada allows the Borana to estimate the stage their society has reached in its ritual progression through time (1973:188). Their time cuts across two consecutive supreme leaders and they serve and take instructions from both. Age grouping is combined with a generational mode of recruitment, in that a son gets introduced to a specific set correlated to the set of his father, and subsequently changes his status every eight years a member of his generation-set. 4X8). He takes a seat at the head of the council as he has done, for eight years, since the beginning of his rule. <>>> Like modern parliaments today this Borana parliament would summon sittings to make, repeal or ensure that the laws were being followed. @ gad&Cv7pc[D.~"= vadR,sH!~(lS=5nTy %MtaZ,q'I32#N+ ~t6>Es){6?9d(HDx&Axdy[?T ` L(M? |+x#nADbiCg_ SC^Y|s+WR?bry06NRIQ#kE>MOwVMIVui0CjWP!]z+*UrP% 6iy^?haM?S*p]vo+SRX'u?0TRp4r";o_YJ9PXEL' H+wdXp+AuH>NrKIz8}OcN;vcXpg e$ Like modern parliaments today this Borana parliament would summon sittings to make, repel or ensure that the laws were being followed. CigpOW$lAkHc-,Q%HvzcUu86e9riK!Q ; 5/2}36"qt0F{X;! Both social groups pass from one stage of development to the next every eight years. They are recognizable by their hairstyle known as guduru which is typically feminine (the Borana likens them to girls at this stage). That is, the father and the son cannot be in the same (first or second hemicycle) at the same time. 12, No. In this respect, Gadaa is a holistic (social, economic, political and religious) system in essence and perhaps this fact made it difficult to define unanimously the Gadaa system by simple and clear terms. .Married men could also participate or send representatives to the assembly. 0000001892 00000 n The two groups then become cross-linked, cross-cutting, structural units that operate as complementary institutions so long as they are both represented by living members. For example, according to Boran diction, the term Dulo dule signifies that the Gadaa class of Dulo (waging war and it was one of the five Gadaa classes) had conducted military expedition. The end of a discussion on issues was accepted without question and the Abba Muriti, the Father of Resolution, was present to make sure that those present in the discussion adhered to this requirement. [11] It is the brainchild of Oromo from the Madda Walabu district of Oromia. In this regard, research have been undertaken to examine Gada system of different Oromo clans. Hence, there would not be direct competition among the five Gadaa parties, rather the competition would be among individuals within a party. Abbaa Gadaa is another name for Abbaa Boku. All newly born males enter a Gadaa -set at birth, which they will belong to along with other boys of the same age, and for the next forty years they will go through five eight-year initiation periods; the Gadaa-grade is entered on the basis of generation, and boys enter their luba forty years after their fathers. Each one of the Gadaa class has diversity and unity. Courtesy: It is evident from the Boran Gadaa history that there is the high percentage of premature (before assuming political power) death. A few of them are pulling at their scraggly white and ochre beards while nodding in agreement. Defining the term generation is not an easy task especially in a relation to its socio-political relevance for peoples responsibilities and rights characterization. Participatory impact assessment of ticks on Borana cattle milk production was conducted from January 2010 to July 2010. A futuristic, governance 2.0 project called BitGadaa[31] draws inspiration from the principles and structure of Gadaa. The entire grade progresses through eleven different grades, each based on an eight-year cycle, and each with its own set of rights and responsibilities.[20]. Whereas, early born sons cannot be assigned to a legitimate social father and thus cannot be correlated to any set in terms of generational affiliation. 0000013416 00000 n <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Despite the emergence of various autonomous Gadaa systems, the central principles of the system remained intact. The Boranas age-sets are organized in two ways: through a system where the member of each class are recruited strictly based on. And the possession of the defining institutions of Qaallu (the spiritual leader) and the common Gadaa government seems to have been the special mark of the Oromo people. No Borana gatherings are recognized without the presence of either Fite Qalu or Qalu who opens the gatherings with a prayer. Some of these old men may have also sat in the Borana Assembly, the Salgan yaa Borana. The Gadaa grades are recruited on the basis of genealogical generations. The second is a system in which the members are recruited on the bases of genealogical generation. 185 32 [1] It is also practiced by the Konso and Gedeo people of southern Ethiopia. For example, if a father belongs to the Gona moiety and he is at the fifth Gadaa grade and if he got a son at that stage, his son will be initiated to the same Gadaa class as a dabballe) like his father. The Borana custom makes it mandatory that the men and women who belong to the Gada class of Kurraa Jarsso Diddo undergo circumcision only when their Gada class as a whole reaches the Gada stage of active leadership.This is true for other successive Gada classes, the Abba Gada in the Oromo Gada system is rightfully considered as the prime minister rather than a president who can make decisions alone. The Borana Oromo has a very prominent traditional system of governance-the Gada System. The fathers and mothers then stood to face each other around the flag, and the fathers sang a song of praise to their wives The transition ceremony takes no less than two weeks. 0000025742 00000 n June 22, 2022; list of borana abba gada; alton funeral home; danny o'neil moving to new york They must be hurting real hard on cash and ads coming in. RM HWJN1P - Kura Jarso the 71st Borana Oromo Abba gadaa in his house, Oromia, Yabelo, Ethiopia. The other Gada assemblies, Gada Hawattu and Gada Konnitu, are the assembly of leaders from Hawattu and Konnitu clan of Goona moiety of the Borana society. 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Consider the above diagram (a model and summary) of the Gadaa grades. % Copyright shujaa stories 2018, Childrens Program Saturday, April 13th, Venice Biennale Delegation x British Council (2022). For five hundred years, the Borana have kept their unity intact by following this system of ruling themselves. Primarily, Gadaa system is an ancient philosophy of socio-political system that responsible for regulating Political stability, Economic growth, social services, Cultural commitments, Ethical contract the of religious order of the Oromo society and practice Gadaa Democracy that require equal participation of both male and female. The nomenclature of the ceremony of passage to Gadamoojjii itself is known as the rite of incense exchange (qumbi wallraf udachu not balli walirrafuchu). Gada Arboora The term or the name given to the first and most senior institution of one of the three institutional pillars of Gada (Yaa'a Gada Sadeenii) Gada Sadeenii (the three pillars of Gada) in Oromo-Borana Gada system that function together as a single body. The Gadaa councilors must pass through rigorous training for years about the laws and the customs of Borana, and the wisdom of leading a society before they take the position of authority in Gadaa. For example, certain areas, such as forests, were set aside as refuge during drought. Dm7#E`{03A)]9\zzRuAS6y&0=> rcf>xO"32g|5qbmWg1K:n03{NL?eLg7f9B3M[6r|_ N!y"|wyWU}Iv)qmb?hQn4s?{y. Among the Boran, however, similar (age wise) male generations will undergo a variety of rites of passage together as they approach each new phase every eight years. They keep camels traditionally together with cows and goats. Both types of social groups are formed every eight years. rules are determined by Abba Gada (the leader of Oromo democratic institution named Gada in which Borana is one of the branches) together with council of elders or messengers of Abba Gada. The Gada assembly to which the Abba Gada Liiban Jaldeessa belongs is called Gada Harboora. This system is not only well developed and well preserved among the Borana [] They ensured that the laws made in the higher levels of authority reached the people. Hence, among the Borana, late-born sons of a man should be introduced to the same Gadaa grade as his brothers despite the difference in their age. They were the Gada class or the Warra Bora. Accordingly, the objective of the election is obviously to elect members of a Gada Council (executive organ) known as the Gadaa Council (adula), which includes the Abba Gada office and others (more discussion on the Gadaa Council is held under separate section). endobj However, for Lues all the four yuuba Gadaa grades constitute twenty-four years in sum. He and his team will vote from 17 sub-clans of Borana, one parliament member from each sub-clan. The other point of exclusion was from attaining all Gada grades and age sets like males (Tesema, 2016). Just another site . The council men bow in reverence. The transition rituals by which the genealogical social group (the sons) passes from one grade to the next is performed every eight years during the life cycle. At the stage of grade four, the Gadaa classes and the age set come into being as a formal corporate group: Leaders are elected for both groups. However, before traveling to different houses, they had to notify in advance the mothers of age-mates so that they will arrange the trip and feast for them. That of vulture which presides over the spoil and quest (5). Old and wise as his years, he trudges along, stick in hand.