The well pump and well casing is protected. $$\mathrm{V}_\ce{(HCl)} = \pu{100ml}=\pu{0.1L}$$ Ava has over 10 years of experience in the water filtration industry and has worked with some of the top companies in the field. The neutral point falls at 7, so this pH range is neither acidic or alkaline enough to be considered dangerous for ingestion. then becomes harder and harderrequiring more acid / base be added as you move toward the extreme ends of the scale. So its important to make your decision based on your level of water acidity, and main priorities for your acid neutralization system. Fill a plastic pipette with the correct solution, add a few drops to the solution in the beaker and wait at least 20 seconds before reading the pH on the meter. [14] Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. To convert to milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), multiply moles per liter by 1000 for hydroxide or bicarbonate, and by 2000 for carbonate. To provide the best experiences, we use technologies like cookies to store and/or access device information. How to calculate the mass of magnesium necessary to produce a certain volume of hydrogen gas? For example, the pH of a solution with [ H +] = 2.3 10 5 M can be found as shown below. PH is measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 7 considered neutral, meaning there's a balance between the water's acidity and basicity. After adding sodium hydroxide, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: The hardness of your water wont be altered with a soda ash solution. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. To increase it to 7.4, we should have to add lime to it. Your N a O H solution is 0.3 M so you'll bring 0.3 10 3 m o l each m L. Then, the resulting concentration will be C = n initial + ( 0.3 10 3) x V initial + x 1 m L You know V initial to be 16 m L By Staff Writer Last Updated March 30, 2020 The ratio of NaOH to water will need to be about 0.001 moles of NaOH to 1 liter of water. Use a reverse osmosis filter to remove acidic particles and increase alkalinity with remineralizing. The reported pH is rounded to two decimal places because the original mass and volume has two significant figures. &=\pu{ 0.02630 ions} \\ \mathrm{pH}(\text{final}) &= 12.42 \\ Compare the actual pH with the desired pH. Mildly alkaline, it is produced from inexpensive and plentiful raw materials. Did the Golden Gate Bridge 'flatten' under the weight of 300,000 people in 1987? You want to add x ml of 0,100 M NaOH to increase the pH of the solution to 6.68. Scaling is usually related to silica in the water, higher pressure boiler systems (above 28 bar), steam generation in the boiler system, and/or admission of makeup water with silica content. You have a solution of $10\ \mathrm M$ $\ce{NaOH}$. 2020-41595-30123 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Why are players required to record the moves in World Championship Classical games? Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. While acidic water is usually safe to drink, its better to take preventative measures against it. The solution may splatter or boil. ThoughtCo, Apr. 6. Be sure to thoroughly examine manufacturers recommendations before purchasing an acid injection system or necessary chemicals. One exception would be if the water was over saturated with carbon dioxide (sparkling water) the pH would probably not change with NaOH addition until enough of the gas was converted to bicarbonate so that no more gas would leave the solution on its own. High alkalinity in the source (feed) water to the reverse osmosis system can cause scaling on the membrane because calcium . The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. 7. You can't measure the pH of baking soda because it is a dry powder. Installing a cartridge filter prior to the neutralizing filter will remove solid particles from the water and can help to prolong the life of the neutralizing filter. \begin{align} Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and sodium hydroxide raise the pH of water to near neutral when injected into a water system. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The equation that defines pH is: In other words, the pH is equal to minus the log of the H+ concentration. You know your solution is hundred thousand parts per million of this sodium carbonate. ThoughtCo. Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition, New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI. FTC Affiliate Disclosure. A low (acidic) pH can increase toxic elements in the aquarium, lead to eye damage and hyperplasia (thickening of skin and gills) and can also be fatal. Maintenance Tips for Calcium Carbonate or Corosex systems: If youre using a calcite neutralization system, you pH should rise to 7 or 7.5 depending on the initial levels. After you test for pH, you might be wondering how to test your water for other contaminants. For example, up to pH of 12 is acceptable: Thanks for your replies. maple1 said: Seek expert advice before using this formula to change the pH of an aquarium or small fish pond. Is there a manufacturer recommending that? Read Full Bio | LinkedIn | Twitter | Email, QWL Boston, MA. You can adjust the pH in any solution in a science lab or at home if you have the right equipment. First, fill a beaker with your solution. [\ce{H+}]&= 10^{-1.58} \\ Need help on designing wood boiler system for new home with EKO 40. This operates like an injection system that supplements the soda ash into your water. Continue doing so, testing each time, until you achieve the desired pH level. On the other hand, low pH acidic water can corrode plumbing and leach metals. 150 parts per million times 10 gallons a minute times 1440 (that's how many minutes there are in a day) and then you divide that by your solution strength which is a hundred thousand. You may want to test the pH of the water with a pH meter or test strip to confirm that it has a pH of 7 or close to it. This will help you determine if pH adjustment is an effective treatment method for your situation. For example, a pH of 3 is ten times more acidic than a pH of 4. Thanks for contributing an answer to Chemistry Stack Exchange! "Medical Management Guidelines for Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)." Corrosion problems also can occur in plumbing. If you use a different type of glass or weak glass, there's a chance the temperature change could cause it to shatter. If this is a priority for you, youll need to have an additional home well water filtration system installed for your drinking water. Would you, or anyone, happen to know if there are any dangers to the system for using sodium hydroxide in those small amounts. Change in either pH or alkalinity of your sea water would likely be so small as to be undetectable. Youll need a water softener to balance out hardness levels. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with anything above 7 being alkaline, and anything below 7 being acidic. Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions have a low pH, and solutions with low concentrations of H+ ions have a high pH. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Inspect the glassware prior to use to make sure it is free from any cracks, scratches or chips that would indicate a weakness in the glass. Using the same logic, if I diluted this to a total volume of 1000 liters, I would have a pH of 9, and diluting it to 100,000 liters would yield a pH of 7. It protects your home, pipes, and appliances from corrosion. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behavior or unique IDs on this site. If water hardness is treated with sodium, it may be unsuitable for people on a low-sodium diet. I'm amazed it would take that little Sodium Hydroxide to raise the pH of a thousand plus gallons. Store sodium hydroxide in a cool, dry place away from flammable materials. Understanding the increase in pH of a buffer solution upon incremental additions of NaOH analytically. You dont want to fix one problem just to create another. It will raise the pH quite a bit with minimal TA rise. document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) All rights reserved. English version of Russian proverb "The hedgehogs got pricked, cried, but continued to eat the cactus". Extremely alkaline or acidic materials are usually dangerous and will cause bodily harm. A difference of one pH unit (from pH 8 to pH 9, for example) is a tenfold difference in H+ ion concentration. I'll check the alkalinity too, as you suggest. 02115 Thanks Corey. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. My Solo Innova manual calls for a pH between 8.0 and 8.6. Insert a stir bar, turn it on, and keep it on throughout the whole process. Soda ash comes in powder form that must be mixed into a liquid solution and added into the water supply. After adding sodium hydroxide, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: n ( H X 3 O X +) = 10 4.5 100 10 3 = 10 5.5 m o l The difference represents the amount of substance of hydronium ions that have reacted with hydroxide ions. Then, add either an acidic or alkaline substance to the liquid. Read the directions included with your pH meter or test strip to ensure you use it correctly. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. If you have a 1 pipe, you want to assure your calcite neutralizer or soda ash feeder has 1 pipe connectors, so its important to measure accordingly. Using carbon dioxide in combination with limestone allows for greater flexibility in controlling alkalinity, pH, and hardness. One thing you may have in your pantry to raise the pH level of water is baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), which is an alkaline substance with a pH of about 9. If the pH is lower than desired, adjust it using sodium hydroxide solution. How to find the pH of acetic acid after adding sodium hydroxide? Privacy Policy To find the \(\left[ \ce{H^+} \right]\) use the \(10^x\) key. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. How do I calculate how much sodium hydroxide I need to add to get a new pH? By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Theres two common words when referring to the pH levels of water. Was Aristarchus the first to propose heliocentrism? If the flow rate is high, a liquid injection system (see below) may be better than a neutralizing filter, as it is installed before the pressure tank and thus provides corrosion protection to the tank and the plumbing system. Can I use my Coinbase address to receive bitcoin? Home Water Treatment. Water with a pH value less than 7 is acidic and tends to be corrosive. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. For example, would there be any danger of corrosion to copper pipe which I have in my overheat loop, or to brass fittings, plastic parts, or the bladders inside the expansion tanks for example. if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }. She writes about science and health for a range of digital publications, including Reader's Digest, HealthCentral, Vice and Zocdoc. Third, use \(K_\text{w}\) to calculate the \(\left[ \ce{H^+} \right]\) in the solution. $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.7}-10^{-5.5}= n(\ce{OH-})$$ Soda ash, the preferred chemical, is safer to handle than sodium hydroxide. A base like sodium hydroxide can react with an acid to neutralize it. Similarly a pH of 11 is ten times more basic than a pH of 10. How soda ash/sodium hydroxide injection works This treatment method is used if water is acidic (low pH). Seems like cheap money to me. Jim, when you added doses of lye to your system, about how much lye would each dose contain. Glad to see that the pH was not below 7.0. Acidic well water is a result of dissolved carbon dioxide, low calcium carbonate, or run off from mining and industrial areas. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base. Calculation of pH is simple when there is a \(1 \times 10^\text{power}\) problem. This material dissolves in the water and raises its pH level. A blanket statement related to scaling potential is misleading when applied to typical hot water boilers that are low pressure and for practical purposes are sealed, that is, fresh water is not supplied on a regular basis or the boiler water is not regularly drained and refilled. The pH level of drinking water reflects how acidic or basic it is. It only takes a minute to sign up. I firstly calculated the concentration $\ce{HCl}$ in $100\ \mathrm{ml}$ solution = $10^{-3.7}$ = $2.0\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{mol}$ $\ce{HCl}$ per $100\ \mathrm{ml}$. Overall the treated water helps prevent scale build up. Its better to be safe than sorry. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. How do I stop the Flickering on Mode 13h? However, in real life, this is rarely the situation. Adding 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 5 gallons of water is a safe amount for tiny increases if the pH is too low. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Also if the water is already very high in pH addition of more sodium hydroxide probably wont change the pH very much. I didn't see a recommendation for 7, unless I missed it? The more buffers the more NaOH is needed for a given change in pH. How much $\ce{NaOH}$ do you need to add to to the $100\ \mathrm{ml}$ solution of $\ce{HCl}$ to get a pH of 4.5? Since the scale is based on pH values, it is logarithmic, meaning that a change of 1 pH unit corresponds to a ten-fold change in H + ^+ + start superscript, plus, end superscript ion concentration. This treatment method is used if water is acidic (low pH). How can I control PNP and NPN transistors together from one pin? Buy SSD Solution Chemical in Oman Information on how to get SSD Solution Chemical in Oman. Oftentimes this will include a combination of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide (corosex) or a single tank filled with fine, granular calcium carbonate (calcite) crystals. (617) 286-4522 You know $n_\text{initial}$ to be $\pu{1.6\times 10^{-9} mol}$ $$[\ce{H3O+}]_{(\text{before adding}~\ce{NaOH})} =\pu{1\times{10^{-3.7}}~M}= [\ce{HCl}]_\text{(initial)}$$ After this I calculated the $\left[\ce{HCl}\right]$ of the new solution: $10^{-4.5}=3.16\times10^{-6}\ \mathrm{mol}$ $\ce{HCl}$ per $100\ \mathrm{ml}$ of new solution. Alkaline drinking water may take on a soda taste. How can I identify the size of my pipes to fit my neutralizer system? If I am in an area that is susceptible to droughts, how do I drought-proof my drinking water well? Legal. If you want to decrease the pH of water, you add an acidic substance, such as lemon juice, to it. This system wont increase the hardness of water, so you might not need a water softener. This means blood flowed more efficiently with alkaline water. This system wont protect your well pump or pump casing from corrosion. I have to treat roughly 1060 gallons contained in the storage, piping, and Solo Innova . A solution of NaOH with a concentration of 0.001 mol/L has a pOH of about 3 since NaOH almost completely dissociates into its constituent ions in aqueous solution. pH is a log function and it's very easy to move off neutral 7 with very small additions of sodium hydroxide. Soda ash (sodium carbonate) and sodium hydroxide raise the pH of water to near neutral when injected into a water system. Injection systems can treat water with a pH as low as 4. After adding the acid solution, the feed rate should be adjusted until tap water reaches a pH around 7. Increasing alkalinity is usually achieved through the addition of alkalis such as lime and soda ash. (3\cdot10^{-8})(0.016)&= (7.89\cdot 10^{-3})(V_2) \\ As we saw earlier, the hydroxide ion concentration of any aqueous solution is related to the hydrogen ion concentration through the value of \(K_\text{w}\). I let you do the solving for $x$ where $x$ is the volume of $\ce{NaOH}$ solution to be added ;) be careful with the units. The Boiler Room - Wood Boilers and Furnaces, 1980's era smoke dragon retrofitted for secondary burn, http://www.cleanboiler.org/Eff_Improve/Operations/pH_Treatment.asp, http://www.hearth.com/talk/threads/my-varm-project.90423/, http://www.woodboilersolutions.com/boilerwatertestin.cfm, My first wood boiler, storage and data monitoring, The Pellet Mill - Pellet and Multifuel Stoves. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. If you use a calcite-corosex blend media, your pH can rise up to 1.5 versus only 1 pH level with calcite alone. Water with a higher pH is more alkaline, whereas water with a lower pH is more acidic. Varmebaronen UB 40 with 660 gallons of pressurized storage - first fire 10/08/2012. To raise the pH level of the water in a fish tank, 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 5 gallons of water is a safe amount for small incremental increases. I would not get hung up over a "supposed to" single pH. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. It is a simple treatment device that raises the pH of water by adding a neutralizing material. This helps balance the waters minerals levels, and re-instill a healthy level for consumption. It is caustic and could cause chemical burns. Likewise, a pH of 3 is one hundred times more acidic than a pH of 5. You can looking into the reverse osmosis with remineralization or an alkaline water filter. The reverse osmosis membranes will exclude the sodium ions but not the hydroxide ions; the hydroxide ions will increase the pH but not the alkalinity. $$1\times{10^{-4.5}} =\frac{0.1\times{10^{-3.7}}-\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}\times{10}}{0.1+\mathrm{V}_\ce{(NaOH)_\text{added}}}$$ Its usually less expensive than leading alternatives. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. The pH scale is logarithmic, meaning that an increase or decrease of an integer value changes the concentration by a tenfold. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Maintenance Tips for Soda Ash or Sodium Hydroxide Chemical Injection Systems: While a soda ash chemical feed pump requires minimal maintenance, heres a few things to keep in mind. pH = log [ 2.3 10 5] = 4.64. Ithaca, NY. Sodium hydroxide's main effect is to raise the pH of pool water in pools with chemical feed pumps. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Sometimes, water softeners are recommended for people who want to increase the pH level of their drinking water. A 100 ml $\ce{HCl}$ solution has a pH of $3.7$. 100% honest and reliable supplier , stable and safe delivery. In most cases, you insert the meter's glass electrode in the solution, wait up to 30 seconds, and then read the pH level displayed. Adding baking soda with its pH of 9 to water with a neutral pH of 7 raises the pH level of water. Adding 10 millionth of a mole increases pH from 7 to 9. See Questions to Ask Before You Buy A Water Treatment System for more information. You can get a well water test kit that helps you assess if your water is corrosive. Use caution if using sodium hydroxide. Unlike neutralizing filters, they do not cause hardness problems in treated water. Be sure to use borosilicate glass (e.g., Pyrex) and consider immersing the container in a bucket of ice to keep the heat down. What were the most popular text editors for MS-DOS in the 1980s? How much Na2O (from NaOH) do I add to sodium silicate with a weight ratio of SiO2/Na2O = 2.34 to get the solution to a weight ratio SiO2/Na2O = 1.9? Then, the resulting concentration will be $$C = \frac{n_\text{initial} + (0.3\times 10^{-3})\times x}{V_\text{initial} + x\times \pu{1mL}}$$, You know $V_\text{initial}$ to be $\pu{16 mL}$ Special care is required to prepare a solution of sodium hydroxide or NaOH in water because considerable heat is liberated by the exothermic reaction. $$n(\ce{H3O+})=10^{-4.5} \times 100 \times10^{-3}=10^{-5.5} \mathrm {mol}$$, The difference represents the amount of substance of hydronium ions that have reacted with hydroxide ions. Step 1: List the known values and plan the problem. Adding 1 millionth of a mole of NaOH/liter of pure water will increase the pH from 7 to 8. However, in real life, thisis rarely the situation. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Would I dump the whole box of Roebic Drain Cleaner in as a dose, or only a small portion of it. Add the chemical slowly to the water and ensure complete mixing. It's not uncommon to see atropical fish tank in homes or businesses. This work is supported in part by New Technologies for Agriculture Extension grant no. Now I'm stuck. Embedded hyperlinks in a thesis or research paper. You are using an out of date browser. Chemistry Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for scientists, academics, teachers, and students in the field of chemistry. I imagine not, but thought I'd ask. Add a teaspoon of baking soda to the water and mix well with a whisk or spoon until the baking soda dissolves completely. On this scale, a pH level of 7 indicates neutral (neither acidic nor alkaline), a pH level less than 7 indicates acidic, and a pH level greater than 7 indicates alkaline. When raising the pH levels in well water, its essential to be mindful about the balance of minerals youre consuming. The pH of the solution at room temperature is then obtained by subtracting the pOH from 14, giving 11 in this case. more control over pH). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends that drinking water supplies have a pH range between 6.5 and 8.5 to prevent corrosion issues in plumbing. \[\text{pH} = -\text{log} \left[ 2.3 \times 10^{-5} \right] = 4.64\nonumber \]. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. A chemical feed pump made from corrosion-resistant materials injects a solution of acetic acid (white vinegar) into high pH water. PH refers to the power of hydrogen, or hydrogen potential, in your water. If you need to adjust the pH further, add more of the solution until you achieve the desired pH. Dissolve the baking soda in water, add this mixture to the tank (after you remove the fish) and stir well. Can I drink my well water with a low pH? Neutralizing filters are typically installed after the pressure tank, so neither the pressure tank nor the well pump will be protected from corrosion. As with all injection systems, the pump must be maintained and the chemicals refilled. The small amount of hydroxide ion would be quickly converted by the carbonate buffer system in sea water. 1. These neutralization system options will bring fix low pH issues you may be experiencing in your well water. Atlanta GA: Center for Disease Control. The solution should be fed directly into the well to protect the well casing and pump from corrosion. The pH scale ranges from 0-14; 7 indicates the neutral point. The system functions without electricity. Citric acid and alum can be used instead, although they are more expensive. Written by Eric Moll. At the beginning, the amount of substance of hydronium ions is: To test your pH, you can purchase a pH TDS testing meter or paper testing strips. Lastly, calculate the pH. Third, use K w to calculate the [ H +] in the solution. The pH scale is often said to range from 0 to 14, and most . { "21.01:_Properties_of_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.02:_Properties_of_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.03:_Arrhenius_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.04:_Arrhenius_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.05:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.06:_Brnsted-Lowry_Acid-Base_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.07:_Lewis_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.08:_Ion-Product_of_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.09:_The_pH_Scale" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.10:_Calculating_pH_of_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.11:_The_pOH_Concept" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.12:_Strong_and_Weak_Acids_and_Acid_Ionization_Constant_(K_texta)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.13:_Strong_and_Weak_Bases_and_Base_Ionization_Constant_(left(_K_textb_right))" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.14:_Calculating_(K_texta)_and_(K_textb)" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.15:_Calculating_pH_of_Weak_Acid_and_Base_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.16:_Neutralization_Reaction_and_Net_Ionic_Equations_for_Neutralization_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.17:_Titration_Experiment" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.18:_Titration_Calculations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.19:_Titration_Curves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.20:_Indicators" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.21:_Hydrolysis_of_Salts_-_Equations" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.22:_Calculating_pH_of_Salt_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21.23:_Buffers" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Matter_and_Change" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Measurements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Atomic_Structure" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Electrons_in_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_The_Periodic_Table" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Chemical_Nomenclature" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Ionic_and_Metallic_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Covalent_Bonding" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_The_Mole" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Stoichiometry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_States_of_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_The_Behavior_of_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Water" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Thermochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Kinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Equilibrium" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Entropy_and_Free_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Oxidation-Reduction_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_Electrochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Organic_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Biochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "program:ck12", "license:ck12", "authorname:ck12", "source@https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-chemistry-flexbook-2.0/" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FIntroductory_Chemistry%2FIntroductory_Chemistry_(CK-12)%2F21%253A_Acids_and_Bases%2F21.10%253A_Calculating_pH_of_Acids_and_Bases, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\).