E1b1a and E1b1b are PN2 clade lineages. He belonged to the subclade E-M34. E-V13's presence in this culture would explain why modern Iranians and Kurds possess E-V13, in addition to R1a-Z93 and R1b-Z2103. E-V13 has been found as far away as central Siberia, near the Altai, a region also known to have been settled by Bronze Age Indo-Europeans. E1b1a, on the other hand, is said to have never left Africa but was reported in 6% of Natufian samples. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. L791 and Z21466 have a mostly European distribution today and their ages point toward a Neolithic diffusion. [e], E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. CAS However, out of 69 Y-DNA samples tested from Neolithic Europe, only two belonged to that haplogroup: one E-M78 from the Sopot culture in Hungary (5000-4800 BCE), another E-M78 (c. 5000 BCE), possibly E-V13, from north-east Spain, and a E-L618 from Zemunica cave near Split in Croatia from 5500 BCE (Fernandes et al., 2016). Sardinia is also the only part of Europe where Bronze Age Steppe ancestry is virtually absent. Here, to test the hypothesis that . [25] Coosaw was of West African and Native American ancestry and carried haplogroups E2b1a-CTS2400 and A2. Combined use of biallelic and microsatellite Y-chromosome polymorphisms to infer affinities among African populations. around the Czech Republic). Salas A, Richards M, De la FT et al. Since R1a-CTS1211 is not originally Germanic, it is likely that the Goths also brought a small but noticeable percentage of assimilated lineages from the Balkans, including E-V13 and J2b1 (I2a1b-CTS10228 would have come later from the East Slavic migrations from Ukraine during the Early Middle Ages, hence its absence from Italy, apart from a few coastal areas facing the Adriatic Sea). Pereira L, Macaulay V, Torroni A, Scozzari R, Prata MJ, Amorim A : Prehistoric and historic traces in the mtDNA of Mozambique: insights into the Bantu expansions and the slave trade. The control region of the mtDNA sequence, due to its high mutation rate, has been extensively used in examining the impact of EBSP on the genetic landscape of sub-Saharan Africa.5, 17, 18, 19 It has been postulated that some mtDNA haplogroups (eg, L3b, L3e and L2a), based on their distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with the EBSP, whereas the presence of haplogroup L1c at high frequency in some populations on the western route is thought to be the result of assimilation of local female hunter gatherers.17 It has been suggested that because agriculturist men are more likely to marry local women rather than vice versa,15, 16 the maternal genetic profile of Bantu-speaking groups is marked by considerable diversity. More recently, based on over 1300 autosomal markers, Tishkoff et al13 showed that Bantu-speaking groups exhibit a considerable level of genetic similarity, a finding which is in good agreement with earlier studies mentioned above. There is clearly a radiation from the Greece (where E-V13 makes up approximately 30% of the paternal lineages) to the East Mediterranean (where the frequency drops to under 5%). In . E-M34 is the main Middle Eastern variety of E1b1b and is thought to have arrived with the Proto-Semitic people in the Late Copper to Early Bronze Age. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. The Carthaginians founded cities in Spain, including Carthago Nova (the New Carthage, now Cartagena in Murcia), but also in Sardinia and Sicily, where M81 is the most common today within Italy. Where samples were ancestral for the four UEP markers, a further six to eleven UEPs (UEP1 and UEP2 kits: sY81, SRY4064, YAP, SRY10831, M13, M9, SRY465, M20, Tat, 92R7 and M17) were typed.38 NRY haplogroups were classified according to the nomenclature of the Y-Chromosome Consortium39 (Figure 1) and STR repeat sizes were assigned according to the nomenclature of Kayser et al.40 Additionally, the four E1b1a-specific UEPs were typed in 1820 samples, previously characterised as E1b1a in the TCGA database (published35, 36 and unpublished data), from the 35 non-Congo, sub-Saharan groups listed in Supplementary Table S1. The story of M81 is very unusual in that it is so young and diversified into a multitude of subclades within just a few centuries. Remains found in modern day Israel were analysed and confirmed to carry this haplogroup, dating as far back as the Natufian culture - a peoples living in the Levant (Eastern Mediterranean area of Western Asia . Franz Kafka, a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature probably belonged to E-Y161794, a Jewish branch of haplogroup E-M81, based on the Y-DNA test of another Kafka from Czechia at FTDNA. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. E1b1a2 E1b1a2 is defined by the SNP mutation M329. 12-05-14, 06:53 #2. bicicleur. Haplogroup E-V68, also known as E1b1b1a, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, Western Asia and Europe.It is a subclade of the larger and older haplogroup, known as E1b1b or E-M215 (also roughly equivalent to E-M35). [25] Zimbu was of western Central African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5497 and L3e1e. Author: Maciamo Hay. As for E1a (the parent of E1b1b and E1b1a), it seems to have never left Africa at all. Nowadays E-V13 is the only Mediterranean haplogroup consistently found throughout Europe, even in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Baltic countries, which are conspicuous by the absence of other Neolithic haplogroups like G2a (bar the Indo-European G2a-Z1815), J1 and T (except in Estonia). The TMRCA for each haplogroup-defining UEP (with at least 20 chromosomes) is presented in Table 3 along with regions and countries within which each haplogroup was observed. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10: 92. You should learn them by the mutations because the letters change, the mutations don't. E1b1a used to be E3a, but always was E-M2. His haplotype, although not confirmed by SNP testing yet, is predicted as E-V13. The K257 and Y4970 branch emerged around 3000 BCE and is found in Iran, Armenia, Turkey, Russia, Greece, Italy and France, among others. LeBrok. Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups. Z830, M310.1's . found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. So we know for sure that E1b1b was present in southern Europe at least since the Early Neolithic. They note that in studies to date, Eastern African groups are greatly underrepresented but essential for investigating the direction of expansion. Farming, languages, and genes. [69], The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other NigerCongo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau". The PF6759 subclade seems to have reached Sardinia during the Neolithic period. Searching for the roots of the first free African American community, Carriers of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup L3 basal lineages migrated back to Africa from Asia around 70,000 years ago, The peopling of the last Green Sahara revealed by high-coverage resequencing of trans-Saharan patrilineages. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009; 140: 302311. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29: E88. Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 30: 151194. By the definition of haplogroup A as "non-BT", it is almost completely restricted to Africa, though a very small handful of bearers have been reported in Europe and Western Asia. They would have brought typically Germanic lineages like I1 and R1b-U106, but also the Proto-Slavic R1a-CTS1211, which is now found uniformly in 1 to 2% of the population. Even within Britain it is found mainly in Wales, a region known to have served as a refuge for the Romano-British population during the Anglo-Saxon invasions. The Fishers exact test was also performed in the R environment. Gjergj Kastrioti Sknderbe, also known as Skanderbeg (1405-1468), was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. The Scottish Clan Colquhoun/Calhoun from Dunbartonshire belongs to the clade E-V13 > BY3880 > Y16729 > Y16721 > Y16733 according to the Calhoun Surname Project. Additional genetic testing suggest that the remains may indeed belong to Y-DNA Haplogroup E1b1b which split from E1b1a, and tends to be common in the Levant, Northern Africa, and the Rift valley region in modern times. mtDNA variability in two Bantu-speaking populations (Shona and Hutu) from Eastern Africa: implications for peopling and migration patterns in sub-Saharan Africa. One of his patrilineal descendants was identified as a member of haplogroup E-V13 > Z17107. [13][14], At Kindoki, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, there were three individuals, dated to the protohistoric period (230 BP, 150 BP, 230 BP); one carried haplogroups E1b1a1a1d1a2 (E-CTS99, E-CTS99) and L1c3a1b, another carried haplogroup E (E-M96, E-PF1620), and the last carried haplogroups R1b1 (R-P25 1, R-M415) and L0a1b1a1. There are at least three distinct sources of E-V13 in Italy. Haplogroup E-V38 - Wikipedia Future studies that examine variation in the NRY E1b1a clade in Bantu-speaking population groups representing the East African coast will help to further elucidate the late eastern EBSP. [9] Brucato et al. E-M34 lineages experienced a much more dramatic expansion during the Chalcolithic (Copper Age) period. Some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations. R1b tribes invaded the Balkans, the southern half of Central Europe, and joined up with Corded Ware people in what is now Germany, the Czech Republic and western Poland. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. He is the nephew of screenwriter, film director and producer Francis Ford Coppola, who shares the same haplogroup. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. It is especially common among Berber populations all over Northwest Africa, including the Tuaregs. PubMed Central . Its main subclade E-M34 most probably emerged in the Levant about 15,000 years ago. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._________SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/groups/israelitejews/permalink/724232359236083/[1:04] Past threads in which this was discussed:- https://www.facebook.com/groups/g49resource/posts/5410422012382894/- https://www.facebook.com/groups/thebiblicalrumbleroom/posts/1308376896600227[1:10] Scaled Innovations SNP tracker:http://scaledinnovation.com/gg/snpTracker.html[3:46] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Israel\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC[3:52] https://haplotree.info/maps/ancient_dna/slideshow_samples.php?searchcolumn=Country\u0026searchfor=Lebanon\u0026ybp=500000,0\u0026orderby=Y_Haplotree_Variant\u0026ascdesc=ASC PubMedGoogle Scholar. As both NRY and mtDNA genetic systems have smaller effective population sizes than autosomal markers, they are more prone to genetic drift14, 15, 16 and are therefore more likely to differ among groups than are autosomal markers. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Early genetic studies of Bantu-speaking people were based on classical gene frequency data. The YCAII STR marker value of 1919 is also usually indicative of U175. Indeed the distribution pattern and frequency of M81 matches much better the Phoenician maritime empire, with its origins in the Levant, and its dispersal along the cost of North Africa, but also Iberia, Sardinia and Sicily. Evol Bioinform Online 2005; 1: 4750. This suggests that E1b1b may indeed have appeared in East Africa, then expanded north until the Levant. For other uses, see. The remains of the great Italian Baroque painter Caravaggio (1571-1610) were excavated to confirm the circumstances of his mysterious death at the age of 38. The Wright Brothers, the inventors of the world's first successful airplane, belonged to haplogroup E-V13 (S7461 subclade). [59] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. The biggest genetic impact of the Romans/Italians outside of Italy appears to have been in Gaul (modern France, Belgium, southern Germany and Switzerland), probably because this was the closest region to Italy using the well-developed Roman road network (actually inherited from the Gauls themselves). Something is wrong: Where do black people come from? A new method for the evaluation of matches in non-recombining genomes: application to Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in European males. Thank you for visiting nature.com. NAP was supported by NERC-Case PhD studentship. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Searching for the roots of the first free African American - Nature E1b1a1 is defined by markers DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, and V95. The eastern advance of the Corded Ware culture eventually gave rise to the Sintashta culture in the Ural region, which is the ancestral culture of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-Europeans. Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M et al. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. The merits of this hypothesis is that it would explain why M81 is so much more common in the Maghreb, and particularly in Tunisia, than in Italy today. These locations mainly cover West, Central-West, East, South-East and South Africa. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. E1b1a and E1b1b-V22 tend to have lower values for this STR compared to other E1b1b haplogroups, but still the reported value is very rare in any of these haplogroups, and it looks like another suspicious STR value. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern The haplogroup E1b1a8, defined by U175, has a TMRCA of only 18632163 YBP but a geographic distribution, excepting the Anuak of Ethiopia, which is equally extensive as that of E1b1a7. Science 2009; 324: 10351044. View Profile View Forum Posts Advisor Join Date 18-11-09 Location . E1a1, Jews and Natufians? - Eupedia Slider with three articles shown per slide. Haplogroup E-M2, also known as E1b1a1-M2, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. In doing so, we assume (a) that the NRY has a genealogy that, at least in that part of the genealogical tree analysed in this paper, can be unambiguously constructed using UEP polymorphisms47 (Figure 2) and (b) ASD is a measure of STR diversity that increases linearly over time and that calculating ASD from the common ancestor of a random sample of NRY that are members of a haplogroup provides an estimate of the TMRCA.43 Consistent with previous studies, we observed a high frequency modal of six-STR NRY haplotype (DYS19, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393:151221101113) throughout the area of the EBSP.26, 35, 36 Interpreting the frequencies of the component haplogroups of E1b1a within the context of their geographic distribution and TMRCA values throws additional light on the expansions associated with the EBSP. Did E1b1a mutate from E1b1b? And if it did - ProBoards E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. So I was wondering if such a marker has anything to do with the Natufian Neolithic culture of the Levant as some of the skulls associated with this particular culture have been described as Sub-Saharan-like. But that percentage very certainly increased after spending several centuries in Central and Southeast Europe and assimilating Proto-Slavs and Balkanic people before invading Italy. Roewer L, Kayser M, de Knijff P et al. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. [69] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175. A combination of UEPs and STRs in the paternally inherited NRY was typed in eight Congolese groups (n=591). (2021) indicates that Ramesses III and Unknown Man E, possibly Pentawere, carried haplogroup E1b1a. (2018) tested the ancient DNA from 6th century Italy and Hungary and identified one E-V13 in Collegno (Turin) who was autosomally fully Italian (not a Lombard immigrant like many other samples tested). All of the groups characterised in this study speak a Niger-Congo language, except for the Anuak in south-west Ethiopia who speak a Nilo-Saharan language. Ashkenazi Jews have approximately 20% of E1b1b, which falls mostly under specific clades of E-M123. (2016) tested the first ancient DNA samples from the Mesolithic Natufian culture in Israel, possibly the world's oldest sedentary community, and found that the male individuals belonged either to haplogroups CT or E1b1 (including two E1b1b1b2 samples). As the EBSP shows a clearer genetic legacy in the paternally inherited genetic system compared with mtDNA (evident from high and similar frequencies of E1b1a) in sub-Saharan Africa,32 it is possible that, as suggested by de Filippo et al,31 fine-scale E1b1a typing of Bantu-speaking communities throughout sub-Saharan Africa may add more structure to the geographic distribution of haplogroups. "E3a" redirects here. E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and Northeast Africa. Haplogroup E1b1a7 (defined by M191) is modal in most groups in countries from Ghana to Mozambique and only at slightly lower frequency in South African Bantu speakers (33.8% compared with E1b1a8*. F1382 appears to have expanded during the Iron Age from the Levant to the Arabian peninsula, where it is almost exclusively found today. A single carrier was found in Mali. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 125129. In whichever scenario, it is clear that M81 benefited from a potent founder effect in the Maghreb, a region that was first dominated by the Carthaginian elite, but quickly became one of the favourite regions of residence for the Roman elite within the empire (along with Spain, France and Greece). Note the resemblance between the distribution of E-M81 and the African admixture from the Dodecad project. The classical antiquity brought new waves of colonisation across the Mediterranean. The TMRCA was estimated using an average NRY STR mutation rate of 0.00245 and generation time of 25 years. This, we hypothesise, may shed light on routes taken during their expansion. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[49][50][51][52]. Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF : New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. [19] Human leukocyte antigen alleles further confirm that the individuals were of Sub-Saharan African origin. E-M2 is a diverse haplogroup with many branches. The material culture of the Late Chalcolithic period in the southern Levant (4500-3900/3800 BCE) is qualitatively distinct from previous and subsequent periods. This evidence suggests that at the end of the last glaciation 12,000 years ago, E1b1b men were present in the Levant, but not in other parts of the Near East. Castri L, Tofanelli S, Garagnani P et al. [29] Some may have migrated into and introduced the Senegal and Benin sickle cell haplotypes into Basra, Iraq, where both occur equally. Brief thoughts on the likelihood of finding samples of E1b1a in the Levant._____SOURCES:[0:46] The relevant FaceBook thread:https://www.facebook.com/gr. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 186061. Veeramah et al. The first Indo-European migration to Greece was that of the Mycenaeans from c. 1650 BCE. Or it may have left Africa and became E1b1b after admixture with West Asians. To obtain His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[76] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[7] and subsequent published research. The Indo-European migrations would certainly have brought some E-V13 early on, from circa 2500 BCE. 1926), an English broadcaster and naturalist at the BBC explained in the Tree of Life how the Attenboroughs belonged to haplogroup E1b1b1. His DNA was compared to modern carriers of the same surname. Genetics 2003; 165: 229234. The first colonists were Phoenicians, who came from present-day Lebanon and the Tartus province of Syria. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp 679685. According to the equation, the minimum frequency at which a haplotype is present for it to have a 95% probability of being observed, given that n chromosomes are typed, is q=110(log(0.05)/n). Of these lineages, the most common subclade is L2a, which is found in Africa the Levant and in the Americas.. Haplogroup L2 has been observed among specimens at the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550-800).. Haplogroup L2a. Ronny Decorte, a geneticist from the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, tested relatives of Adolf Hitler and determined that the Frher belonged to haplogroup E1b1b. Samples in the Congolese data set have been divided into three pie charts representing Bantu H, B and C speakers. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) The Etruscans, who may have come from western Anatolia, could have brought E-M34 to central Italy, which would then have been assimilated by the Romans. Sociological data were also collected from most individuals, including age, current residence, birthplace, self-declared cultural identity, first language, second language and (when available) religion of the individual, as well as similar information on the individuals father, mother, paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother. If you are new to genetic genealogy, please check our Introduction to phylogenetics to understand how to read a phylogenetic tree. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. It has been hypothesized that E1b1a, including its subbranch E1b1a7 (defined by M191, and not tested in the present study), arose in west Central Africa and was later taken southward through a demic expansion ( Cruciani et al. Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimab, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. Genetic history of the Middle East - Wikipedia [12], E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations. The early development of agriculture triggered significant population growth, resulting in the expansion of early farming populations, along with the spread of language families in many parts of the world, including Africa.1 The many advantages of agricultural subsistence over foraging is a likely contributing factor to the rapid expansion of agriculturists and their languages during the holocene.2 A well-known example of this phenomenon in Africa is the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people (EBSP), which is thought, on the basis of linguistic evidence, to have started around 5000 years ago3 in the region on the border between modern day eastern Nigeria and Cameroon.4 It is widely accepted that there was an early split into eastern and western routes in which farmers first expanded east and also, within 1500 years, reached West-Central Africa. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Ansari Pour, N., Plaster, C. & Bradman, N. Evidence from Y-chromosome analysis for a late exclusively eastern expansion of the Bantu-speaking people. See Supplementary Table S4 for Guthrie classifications of all Bantu-speaking groups included in the analysis. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66: 674686. Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. The testing of ancient DNA from the Natufian culture (Mesolithic Levant) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Levant confirmed a high incidence of haplogroup E1b1b in that region.