Both rock type and structure can have a significant impact on coastal landforms. Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalisation and measurement. Headlands refract waves around them, reducing their erosive power at one location while increasing it at another. Hallsands, in Devon, UK, was destroyed as a result of a dredging operation carried out in the early 1900s. CIE iGCSE Geography Past Papers The larger the fetch, the longer the time the wind has to affect the waves, resulting in larger waves. A progressively regular kind of mechanical weathering found at coasts is salt crystallization. The basic formation of a sea cliff is the same everywhere. Firstly, marine processes erode and undermine the base of the cliff. Sub-aerial processes additionally help the pace of erosion of coasts. Temperate regions tend to have the steepest cliffs. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Water accumulates in the permeable layer, producing a saturated layer where the pores are full of water. cliff profiles are a consequence of wave attack, subaerial processes and the nature of the material wave action undercuts cliffs through abrasion and hydraulic action softer and more jointed rocks will erode more rapidly because of lower levels of physical strength and cohesion and smaller surface areas How has the vegetation in the temperate deciduous forest adapted to the climate? Weathering i s the gradual breakdown of rocks in situ, and it weakens rocks above the high tide mark. Weaker rocks (e.g. Discordant (rock type runs perpendicular to the sea). carboniferous limestone). chalk, limestone) erode more slowly. How are Nigerias trading and political relationships changing? This is a result of the natural mass movements that occur when the base of the cliff is eroded by wave activity. The outer hard rock (for example,granite) provides a protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks (for example,clays) further inland. Cliff Name Meaning. Each coastline has its own balance and equilibrium of erosion, transportation, and deposition, which is affected by various interactions. Where there are rocks containing iron oxidation can occur, causing it to rust. The Old English word was used not only in the sense of modern English cliff but also of much gentler slopes and frequently also of a riverbank or . Coastal geomorphology: An introduction. As a result, they protrude into the ocean, forming headlands. Show that the work required for the reversible and isothermal expansion of nnn moles of a van der Waals How has hot desert vegetation adapted to the climate? A concordant coastline. The current cannot keep larger and heavier sediment suspended above water for extended periods. How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? Accessed on May 1, 2023. https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. The topography of a cliff plays a crucial role in determining the rate of erosion. What controls the location of micro-features found within cliffs? The material can come from cliffs made of chalk or limestone, and calcium carbonate is carried along in the mixture. Chalk surrounds the boulder clay. Check out Adapt the A-level & GCSE revision timetable app. This expels the base of the cliff. Constructive waves have low wave height and high frequency with low frequency, between 6 and 8 waves per minute. CIE IGCSE Geography Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas. Sedimentary rocks form as layers of deposited sediment, either on the beds of ancient seas or rivers. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Constructive waves are associated with weak discharge and strong swash, which develops deep-level shorelines, and are therefore more associated with coastlines of deposition. How can we increase the amount of food produced globally? The fetch of a wave is the distance a wave travels in open water from its origin to the point where it breaks. What is migration and why do people migrate? ubricates lines of weakness, e.g. The counterargument is that the water the material is dissolved into moves, removing the material. Attrition: Waves crush rocks and stones on the shore against each other, causing them to break and become smaller and smoother. Retrieved from https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. The weight of the saturated clay causes the material to slump along the slip plane. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This then creates a slip plane. SQ*> %FY%WnVH5Zn* 5pTm4`CE(ftB\v[Av+ 6F l Why do people choose to live in tectonically active locations? Opportunities and Challenges in the Sahara Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Thar Desert, Opportunities and Challenges in the Western Desert. joints and bedding planes. they have a convex profile (convex = curved like the interior of a circle), because sub-aerial processes (weathering, mass movement and surface run-off erosion) slowly move sediment downslope, but marine erosion is unable to remove it from base, produced where there is little active marine erosion. When a wave breaks, the trapped air is compressed, which weakens the cliff and causes erosion. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Where the coasts has the same type of rock along its length fewer bays and headlands are formed as the rate of erosion tends to be similar. This is because the waves have further to travel in very shallow water as the platform grows. On the other hand, bedding planes that tilt upwards (C) have a cliff shape that mirrors the angle of the tilt. The degree of the tidal range will likewise impact the paces of erosion found at precipices. This is a type of Biological Weathering. A beach profile shows the cross-sectional shape of a beach, usually from the edge of the sea to the base of the cliff. As the stream flows down the cliff, fluvial erosion (surface run off erosion(will attack the saturated permeable bed and lower impermeable stratum, reducing the angle of the cliff profile. A@ How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? A typical kind of mass development at coasts is rotational droops. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. The location of faults and strata with particularly high densities of joints and fissures, Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited to marine erosion, They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape, Small cracks in rocks, often between a few cm and a few mm long. Usually, concordant coastlines have the same type of rock along its length. Coastlines erode at different rates due to geology, destructive or constructive waves amongst many other causes. The rock face above the effects of wave action begins to overhang. How do faults influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Often produce headlands and bays. Alternating layers of hard and soft rock allow the sea to erode the soft rock faster, forming a bay but leaving hard rock sticking out, known as a headland. Why are deserts located along the tropics? The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. 8G@3q~L S "&b 9j3)l%-j93E9s2]rJI7 _-BeE%VamCh)M3E9#XsXx What can you say about the possible values of \ell ? A cliff profile is the height and angle is a cliff face, plus it's features such as wave cut notches and changes in slope angle. A-level Chemistry In these cases, the bedding planes are tilted away, causing a gravitational pull on the rock. However, in reality, it is unlikely that sediment cells are completely closed, with variations in wind direction and tidal flows. Mudflows occur on very steep slopes along the coastline. The site is self-funded and your support is really appreciated. The significance of food, water and energy, An overview of global inequalities in the supply and consumption of resources, Carbon footprints, food miles and moves towards local sourcing of food. What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? Hard rocks erode and weather slowly, and the less fractured the rock is, the better it will resist breaking down. Where cliffs are made from more resistant rock, wave-cut platforms are often formed. Faults, joints, fissures and folded rocks, Major fractures in rocks produced by tectonic forces and involve displacement of rocks on either side of the fault line, Small scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. OCR A Level Geography, AQA A Level Geography Past Papers Erosion rates will be slowed as deeper layers of rock support the cliff. 2 Q Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Location of faults and/or strata which have a particularly high density of joins and fissures. +0}>]zg~Iby>pUJ">_uo:SwX3 Headlands and bays, such as Swanage Bay, form on discordant coastlines, where hard and soft rock run in layers at 90 to the water. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? This can alter the arrangement of layers in cliff shapes. Additionally, there are many smaller-scale sub-cells within the larger cells. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. How have plants adapted to cold environments? International migration from Syria to Europe, Japan A country with a high dependent population. Depending on the relative position of the weaker rock in composite cliffs determines the different landforms that are created. The image below shows a wave-cut platform formed at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. Sedimentary rock, such as the chalk cliffs located at Flamborough, Holderness Coast, are more resistant to erosion. Tides are brought about by the gravitational draw of the moon and, to a lesser degree, the sun. Geography Revision, https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/coastal-systems-and-processes/. There is a range of landforms of erosion found along the coast. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? h|lQ%2~pjW|TvmO67&Z[~[+Qv,up=L6 3l}qXqX"p j3&+n&S0n&Mc&z^c+Tk+vQVjVH>0smNc@1k Chemical weathering happens because of a weak chemical reaction between water and rocke.g. Where erosion excavates enough material along joint or bedding plane , a steep-sided inlet may be formed called a geo. Steep cliffs are formed where the land consists of hard, more resistant, rocks, their height obviously being determined by the difference between the sea level and the level of the land. Why is there a trend towards agribusiness? To create a beach profile follow a straight transect line from the edge of the sea to the end of the active beach. How can the impacts of climate change be managed? Pore water pressure in the saturated layer pushes rock particles apart. The exact shape and form of the cliff will depend on such factors as strength and structure of rock, relative hardness and nature of waves involved: Cliffs that are composed of strong, hard rocks such as granite will be eroded slowly with little cliff retreat. A cliff profile is the height and angle of a cliff face, plus its features such as wave-cut notches or changes in slope angle. Limestone Case Study Malham, The Yorkshire Dales. Whereas, cliffs composed of weaker rock strength experience cliff retreat more rapidly. A cliff with seaward dipping bedding planes. You seem to have disabled JavaScript. What is the Demographic Transition Model? How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? Influence on the Natural Greenhouse Effect. Sandy beaches, shingle beaches and spits are examples of depositional landforms. More resistant (hard) rock forms steep cliffs. In sedimentary rocks, joints form when rock is subject to compression or stretching by tectonic forces or weight of overlying rock. A discordant coastline. Traction: Stones and larger sediment are moved along the ocean floor. You should really enable it for this site but most things should work without it. The altering rate of erosion of hard and soft rock is known as differential erosion. What is chemical and mechanical weathering? Coastal environments are complex systems that involve the interaction of various factors, including the marine environment, natural environment, climate, biosphere, fluvial frameworks, structural processes, and human development and management. The state and direction of the coastline in relation to approaching waves is also an important factor to consider. Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. The video below shows a geo at Selwicks Bay, Flamborough. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal What is a horizontal dip? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. For example, this could be a joint in chalk. What are the causes of deforestation in the Amazon? What are the effects of deforestation in the Amazon? ]X^`T\lq\v7bf_l*Fk?]>1-qne Uw[L6n h]NP?cSc78]-[YH477@=N1l}#6Gww|[ There are four different ways that waves and tidal flows transport material: Solution: Minerals dissolve in ocean water and are carried in a mixture. Weathering is the separating of rock in situ. Split the line into sections where the slope angle changes. The Oxford Dictionary of Geology & Earth Sciences defines carbonation (the method of corrosion described) as a form of weathering but I disagree and think that, in the case of coastal systems, it is a form of erosion. These coasts are drift-aligned and associated with the longshore transportation of sediment. Bedding plane layers of sediment represent layers that formed between depositional events. The lithology of a coastline affects how quickly its eroded. Melting of ice sheets + caps meant wave energy actions occur higher up the shore and cliff and beach profiles adjust as a result. Less resistant (soft) rock erodes quickly, forming gentle sloping cliffs. What is the impact of humans on the desert? A The resistance to erosion of the rock. Bedding planes and joints in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. Z: ufTlcWT~ Ww*4lJ$vZJeBH`)iWYw8`QO%nMd,BrM Abrasion: Pieces of rock and sand in waves are thrown against the cliff face. When the roof of the arch collapses a stack is formed(see image below). With the beach gone, a storm during a high tide breached the coastal defences and destroyed the village., In this arrangement, differential erosion will take place where weaknesses from weathering have formed., Site design and development by Alex Jackson. 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles. Covering KS3, GCSE and A-Level, we provide the most comprehensive GCSE and A-Level revision tools to pass your exams. If the rocks occur in layers, the dip of the rock also helps control steepness and form. The process is illustrated in the diagram below. One activity, dredging, is commonly carried out to improve shipping capacities but it reduces the amount of energy dissipated from incoming waves and so increases erosion2. They generally differ in their angle of slope because of their rock structure and geology, but the processes involved in their formation are the same. Additionally, precipitation that permeates through the slope can create a slip plane when it reaches an impermeable layer of material such as clay. 5 Salt crystals can penetrate the exposed rock face. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as . The y-axis is often exaggerated on a beach profile. Whereas, cliffs in which permeable rock overlies impermeable rock, water may soak into the cliff, making slope failure more likely as water builds up between the junction of the two rocks. A cliff profile is a cross section of the cliff from mean low water mark to the top of the cliff. Compared to cliffs with seaward dipping bedding planes, it is relatively steep and stable. k|CN2[>u6/9v}^}_iq>D\"q|}&~=:7";Zn>v6GvAtl|XHAeMcb9) @s"&H:X07]M3=Mi Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. Cliff morphology also is influenced by the permeability of a rock. Faults: Either side of a fault line, rocks are often heavily fractured and broken and these weaknesses are exploited by marine erosion. As waves approach a coastline they lose energy though because friction with the seabed increases. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. CIE A Level Geography Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. 3 Q What type of feature is a dip? f[/1.9(h(u(-6$=Bm--ZX]lFo-=`Tnx0M~]5 i5&m5KSd5nTA$h Longer fetches & stronger winds create bigger, more powerful waves that have more erosive power. This all takes place within a small segment of the land/ocean interface known as the coast. Human activities have a variety of complex effects on coastal erosion but most commonly the activities increase the strength of waves. This happens as waves store salt crystals in cracks and after some time the salt-like ice applies strain to the cracks. Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? Freeze-defrost weathering splits up rock as water freezes in breaks. Occasionally, wave action and weathering erodes joints in the cave roof to form a blow hole. Structure of ecosystems, energy flows, trophic levels, food chains and food webs, Characteristics of the Tropical Equatorial Rainforest, Nutrient Cycle in the Equatorial Rainforest, Ecological responses to the climate and soil moisture budget adaptations by vegetation and animals, River Processes: erosion, transportation and deposition & Hjulstrm Curve. The image below shows a wave-cut platform formed at Flamborough, Holderness Coast. Need revision notes and resources for other subjects? Dominated by land-based processes such as deposition at the coast from rivers or new coastal land formed by lava flows. In general, cliffs increase in height over time as the coast is eroded back. What are the main hazards generated by volcanic activity? The coastline is constantly eroding. The rocks resistance to erosion and the dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. Cliffs and wave cut platforms Cliffs are common features of coastal environments. These beds are subjected to tectonic forces that tilt and deform them so they dip at an angle. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 16-18 Geography Coasts High energy coasts Method Data Presentation Data Analysis Different stretches of the coastline can be put into two different categories: high energy coasts and low energy coasts. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Waves attack the base of the newly exposed rock faces. The hard rock shields the soft rock from erosion. High energy coasts Waves are powerful (for a significant part of the year) The rate of erosion exceeds the rate of deposition A crack formed in the chalk cliffs at Flamborough. Headlands and bays can form on concordant coastlines too, as has happened with Lulworth Cove, but this requires the rock to have already been weakened, possibly during an ice age. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? How do changes affect the balance of an ecosystem? English: habitational name from any of numerous places called Cliff (e) Cle (e)ve or Clive from Old English clif 'slope bank cliff' or a topographic name from the same word. To calculate the vertical exaggeration in the topographic profile shown in Figure 3.6 we divide the horizontal scale by the vertical scale: ( 1000 f t 1 i n c h) ( 100 f t i n c h) = 10. What factors influence cliff profiles and rates of erosion? Play CIE A Level Geography Past Papers produce cliff profiles and micro features such as caves and arches. Loose material can slide down the bedding planes making the cliff unstable & dangerous. Reduces friction between grains in unconsolidated material. In this case, Portland limestone has been eroded at several points, allowing the underlying sandstone mud to easily erode into a cove. What is the site and situation of a settlement? The neap tide delivers a low tidal range, in that the higher tide is lower than usual and the low tide more elevated. Economic activities in glaciated upland areas, Glaciation Photo gallery Goat Fell, Isle of Arran. An example of a wave-cut notch is shown in the video below. Therefore, we can classify coastlines as being erosion- or deposition-dominated. Over time cliffs retreat due to a combination of sub-aerial weathering and coastal erosion. What are the social and economic opportunities associated with the growth of Rio? The platform typically has a slope of less than 4 degrees, which is often only fully exposed at low tide. Wave action and weathering create a notch at the high water mark. At nearby Lulworth Cove, bays and coves can appear on concordant coasts when weak points in the resistant rock occur. Secondary coasts Dominated by marine erosion or deposition processes eg sea cliffs from erosion or spits from longshore drift Emergent coasts These waves have high heights and short lengths and are characterized as big breakers that have high downward force and strong backwash. Lithology refers to the physical properties of a rock such as its resistance to erosion. In small areas of sea or coastlines that are protected by seaward barriers or islands, prevailing winds do not affect wind direction; thus, waves approaching the coast are parallel to the shore, known as swash-aligned. Approximately 3 miles (5kms) of land . An idealised horizontally bedded cliff. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff. History Suspension: Small particles are carried in water, such as sediment and clay, which can make the water appear cloudy. Small seas with small fetch create constructive waves. A wave-cut platform is a wide, gently sloping surface found at the cliff's base and extends into the sea. There are two significant tides to observe; the spring tide and the neap tide. Saltation: The material bounces along the ocean floor, such as small pieces of shingle or large sand grains. Cliff profiles are influenced by geology. Eduqas A Level GeographyPast Papers It is inevitable that some sediment is moved between cells. Droops happen because of a mix of components. The River Tees landforms of erosion and deposition, Case Study Ganges/Brahmaputra River Basin, Geological time is on a different time to human time, Different rocks create contrasting landforms and landscapes. If you've found the resources on this page useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. water percolating comes into contact with a large surface area that can be chemically weathered. A case study of a sparsely populated area Himalayan Mountains, A case study of a densely populated area Greater London. Hard rocks (e.g., Gabbro) are resistant to weathering & erosion so a coastline made of granite (e.g., Lands End) will change slowly. 4 Rock falls are a very sudden type of mass movement. WJEC GCSE Geography Past Papers, The essentials of coastal systems and processes, Geography Cliff Profiles and Bedding Planes, Constructive and destructive wave illustration. Therefore the topographic profile in Figure 3.6 represents a profile of the map surface (along the A-B line) that has been vertically exaggerated by 10 times . One important factor to consider is the type of wave and the distance a wave has to travel. A cliff with landward dipping bedding planes. Which two characters are dominant? The softer clay of Swanage has eroded much faster to form the cove. They occur in most rocks, often in regular patterns, dividing rock strata up into blocks with a regular shape. mv"$9ezZ6Fm2f\M The four different ways that waves and tides erode the coast are indicated below: Hydraulic action: Air becomes trapped in joints and cracks in the cliff face. This is physical weathering. By hydraulic action and abrasion, and the other processes of coast erosion, the base of the cliff is undercut to form a wave-cut notch. Cliff form can also be related to latitude. A tectonic feature of sedimentary rocks meaning the angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal, Vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded, Sloping low angle profile with one rock layer facing the sea; vulnerable to rock slides down the dip slope, Profile may exceed 90 producing areas of overhanging rock; very vulnerable to rock falls, Steep profiles on 70-80 and producing a very stable cliff with reduced rock falls. Find out about the process of longshore drift. 2 Rocks such as clay become saturated with water. Joints Joints are fractures in rocks created without displacement. If you've found the resources on this site useful please consider making a secure donation via PayPal to support the development of the site. As the bay develops, wave refraction around the headlands begins to occur, increasing erosion of the headlands but reducing the erosion and development of the bay due to a loss of wave energy. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? It produces sloping cliffs between 5 and 20metre high. Micro-features are small-scale coastal features such as caves and wave-cut notches which form part of a cliff profile. The dip of rock strata in relation to the coastline. Human and physical factors causing river flooding.